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MOTS-c - 10 mg
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MOTS-c is a short peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome and a member of the larger group of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs). MDPs have recently been found to be bioactive hormones that play important roles in mitochondrial communication and energy regulation. Originally thought to be related to the mitochondria only, new research has revealed that many MDPs are active in the cell nucleus and that some even make their way into the blood stream to have systemic effects. MOTS-c is a newly identified MDP that has, to date, been found to play important roles in metabolism, weight regulation, exercise capacity, longevity, and even processes leading to disease states like osteoporosis. MOTS-c has been found in the nucleus of cells as well as in the general circulation, making it a bonafide natural hormone. The peptide has been targeted for intensive research in the last five years due to its therapeutic potential.
Muscle Metabolism
Research indicates the MOTS-c can reverse age-dependent insulin resistance in muscles, thereby improving muscle uptake of glucose. It does this by improving skeletal muscle response to AMPK activation, which in turn increases the expression of glucose transporters.
It is important to note that this activation is independent of the insulin pathway and thus offers an alternative means of boosting glucose uptake by muscles when insulin is ineffective or in insufficient quantity. The net result is improved muscle function, enhanced muscle growth, and decreased functional insulin resistance.
Fat Metabolism
Research has shown that low levels of estrogen lead to increased fat mass and dysfunction of normal adipose tissue. This scenario increases the risk of developing insulin resistance and, subsequently, the risk of developing diabetes. Supplementing mice with MOTS-c, however, increases brown fat function and reduces the accumulation of adipose tissue. It also appears that the peptide prevents adipose dysfunction and the adipose inflammation that typically precedes insulin resistance.
It appears that at least part of the influence that MOTS-c has on fat metabolism is mediated through activation of the AMPK pathway. This well-defined pathway is turned on when cellular energy levels are low and it drives the uptake of both glucose and fatty acids by cells for metabolism. It is also the pathway that is activated in ketogenic diets, like the Atkin’s diet, which promote fat metabolism while protecting lean body mass. MOTS-c targets the methionine-folate cycle, increases AICAR levels, and activates AMPK.
New research suggests that MOTS-c can actually leave the mitochondria and make its way to the nucleus where the peptide can affect nuclear gene expression. Following metabolic stress, MOTS-c has been shown to regulate nuclear genes involved in glucose restriction and antioxidant responses.
Evidence from mice indicates that MOTS-c, particularly in the setting of obesity, is an important regulator of sphingolipid, monoacylglycerol, and dicarboxylate metabolism. By down-regulating these pathways and increasing beta-oxidation, MOTS-c appears to prevent fat accumulation.
Insulin Sensitivity
Research measuring MOTS-c levels in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant individuals has shown that the protein is associated with insulin sensitivity only in lean individuals. In other words, MOTS-c appears to be important in the pathogenesis of insulin insensitivity, but not in the maintenance of the condition. Scientists speculate that the peptide maybe a useful means of monitoring pre-diabetic lean individuals and that changes in MOTS-c levels could act as an early warning sign of potential insulin insensitivity. Supplementation with MOTS-c in this setting could help to stave off insulin resistance and thus the development of diabetes. Research in mice thus far has been promising, but more work is needed to understand the full impact of MOTS-c on insulin regulation.
Osteoporosis
MOTS-c appears to play a role in the synthesis of type I collagen by osteoblasts in bone. Research in osteoblast cell lines shows that MOTS-c regulates the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway responsible for the health and survival of osteoblasts. By promoting osteoblast survival, MOTS-c helps to improve type I collagen synthesis and therefore the strength and integrity of bone.
Additional research in osteoporosis has revealed that MOTS-c promotes the differentiation of bone marrow stem cells via the same TGF-beta/SMAD pathway. In the study, this directly led to increased osteogenesis (formation of new bone). Thus, not only does MOTS-c protect osteoblasts and promote their survival, it promotes their development from stem cells as well.
Longevity
Research on MOTS-c has identified a specific change in the peptide that is associated with longevity in certain human populations, such as the Japanese. The change in the MOTS-c gene, in this case, leads to the substitution of a glutamate residue for the lysine that is normally found in position 14 of the protein. It is not clear how this change affects the functional aspects of the protein, but that it does is almost certain as glutamate has radically different properties than lysine and thus would change both the structure and the function of the MOTS-c gene. More research is required to understand how this change affects function, but it is found exclusively in people with Northeast Asian ancestry and is thought to play a role in the exceptional longevity seen in this population.
According to Dr. Changhan David Lee, a researcher at the School of Gerontology at USC Leonard Davis, mitchondrial biology holds the keep to extending both lifespan and healthspan in humans. The mitochondria, being the single most important metabolic organelle, is “implicated in aging and age-related diseases”. Until now, dietary restriction offered the only reliable means of affecting mitochondrial function and thus longevity. Peptides like MOTS-c, however, may make it possible to directly impact mitochondrial function in a more profound way.
Heart Health
Research measuring MOTS-c levels in humans undergoing coronary angiography has revealed that patients with lower levels of MOTS-c in the blood have higher levels of endothelial cell dysfunction. Endothelial cells line the inside of blood vessels and are integral to the regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and plaque formation. Additional research in rats suggests that while MOTS-c does not directly affect blood vessel responsiveness, it does sensitize endothelial cells to the effects of other signaling molecules, like acetylcholine. Supplementing rats with MOTS-c has been shown to improve endothelial function and improve microvascular and epicardial blood vessel function.
MOTS-c is not alone among mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) in affecting heart health. Research suggests that at least three MDPs play roles in protecting cardiac cells against stress and inflammation. There is good reason to believe that MDP dysregulation is also an important factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. The peptides may even be important factors in reperfusion injury and, as pointed out above, in endothelial function.
Synonyms: Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c, MT-RNR1
Molecolar Formula: C101H152N28O22S2
Chain: Met-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Met-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg
Peptide Purity: Greater than 98%.
CAS Number: 1627580-64-6
TFA Free Peptide
Shipping Conditions: Ambient temperature only.
Storage: Lyophilised peptide must be stored at -20°C and peptide solution at 4°C. Before mixing, keep between -18 and -20°C. Use within 24 months. Once reconstituted use within 20 days. Do not freeze once reconstituted.
Like any other peptides, it is a delicate lyophilised powder that ought to be kept away from direct sunlight and in a cool, dry place. To reconstitute, you use bacteriostatic water used in injections.
Reconstituting: Inject 2ml bacteriostatic water into the vial. Refrigerate for 10 to 15 minutes. Should there be any undissolved particles after 15 minutes, rotate the vial carefully between your fingers until all of the powder has dissolved and only a clear liquid is left.
All our peptides have a purity of at least 98%, most higher than 99%. Peptides are susceptible to heat so our peptides are kept as lyophilised powder in temperature-controlled medical fridges until the time of packaging. Shipments are hand-delivered to the post office at specific times in order to avoid exposure to heat for long periods of time while in the care of postal services. This ensures that the peptide you receive is as pure as possible.
ATTENTION: This compound is for research purposes only. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals.
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